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<title>Knowth</title>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Knowth</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cnóbha</i></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">The tomb in 2021</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1291884410">

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</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.159%;left:75.14%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Knowth"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Ireland</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a>, Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:53.701,-6.4916"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°42′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°29′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.701°N 6.4916°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.701; -6.4916</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">passage grave</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne" title="Brú na Bóinne">Brú na Bóinne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">67 meters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">12 meters</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3200 BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Prehistoric_Ireland#Neolithic_(4000–2500_BC)" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Neolithic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;">

<a href="World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1993 <small>(17th <a href="World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Brú na Bóinne – Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/659">659</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2">

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<a href="National_monument_(Ireland)" title="National monument (Ireland)">National monument of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Knowth Passage Tomb & Knowth Mound</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">409 & 549</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2">

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<p><b>Knowth</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span></span>/</span></span>; <a href="Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Cnóbha</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-logainm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logainm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a prehistoric tomb overlooking the <a href="River_Boyne" title="River Boyne">River Boyne</a> in <a href="County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a>, <a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>. It comprises a large <a href="Passage_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage tomb">passage tomb</a> surrounded by 17 smaller tombs, built during the <a href="Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic era</a> around 3200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains the largest assemblage of <a href="Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">megalithic art</a> in Europe. Knowth is part of the <a href="Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne" title="Brú na Bóinne">Brú na Bóinne</a> complex, a <a href="World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> that also includes the similar passage tombs of <a href="Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a> and <a href="Dowth" title="Dowth">Dowth</a>.

</p><p>After its initial period of use, Knowth gradually became a ruin, although the area continued to be a site of ritual activity in the <a href="Bronze_Age_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Ireland">Bronze Age</a>. During the <a href="Early_Medieval_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval Ireland">early Middle Ages</a>, a royal residence was built on top of the great mound, which became the seat of the <a href="Kings_of_Brega" title="Kings of Brega">Kings of Knowth</a> or Northern Brega. Archaeologist <a href="George_Eogan" title="George Eogan">George Eogan</a> led an extensive investigation of the site from the 1960s to 1980s, and parts of the monument were reconstructed.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>The large mound has been estimated to date from c. 3200 BC. The mound is about 12 metres (40 ft) high and 67 metres (220 ft) in diameter,<sup id="cite_ref-Harbison_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harbison-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covering roughly a hectare. It contains two passages placed along an east–west line and is encircled by 127 <a href="Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">kerbstones</a>, of which three are missing, and four badly damaged. The passages are independent of each other, leading to separate burial chambers. The eastern passage arrives at a <a href="Cruciform" title="Cruciform">cruciform</a> chamber, not unlike that found at <a href="Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which contains three recesses and basin stones into which the <a href="Cremated" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremated">cremated</a> remains of the dead were placed. The right-hand recess is larger and more elaborately decorated with <a href="Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">megalithic art</a> than the others, which is typical for Irish passage graves of this type. The western passage ends in an undifferentiated chamber, which is separated from the passage by a <a href="Threshold_stone" title="Threshold stone">sill stone</a>. The chamber seems to have also contained a basin stone which was later removed and is now located about two-thirds down the passageway.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Megalithic_art">Megalithic art</h3></div>

<p>Knowth contains more than a third of the total number of examples of megalithic art in all of Western Europe; over 200 decorated stones were found during excavations. Much of the artwork is of an abstract style and is found on the kerbstones, particularly approaching the entrances to the passages.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many of the motifs are typical: <a href="Spirals" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirals">spirals</a>, <a href="Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenges</a> and <a href="Serpentiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentiform">serpentiform</a>. However, the megalithic art at Knowth contains a wide variety of images, such as crescent shapes, and the oldest known <a href="Selenography#Lunar_cartography_and_toponymy" title="Selenography">illustration of the moon</a> in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Stooke_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stooke-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this artwork was carved on the backs of the stones; a type of megalithic art known as hidden art. This suggests all manner of theories as regards the function of megalithic art within the Neolithic community who built the monuments in the Boyne valley. It is possible that they intended the art to be hidden. It is also possible that they simply recycled the stones and reused the other side.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomical_alignments">Astronomical alignments</h3></div>

<p>The east–west orientation of the passages at Knowth suggests astronomical alignment with the <a href="Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>. The alignment at Knowth does not occur today. This is due to a number of factors. First of all, the passages were discovered by later settlers and were, to some extent, destroyed or incorporated into souterrains. In this way the original entrances to the passages were distorted or destroyed, making it difficult to establish if an alignment ever existed. Further, the recent excavations (1962 onwards) under George Eogan resulted in the erection of a concrete slab wall inside the mound's west entrance, restricting any investigation into the possible alignments. It seems likely that the passages were intended to align. Also, the alignments of ancient monuments can change due to <a href="Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a>. The most extensive research on alignments and astronomy at Knowth was carried out by American-Irish researcher Martin Brennan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>There is some evidence for late Neolithic and <a href="Prehistoric_Ireland#Copper_and_Bronze_Ages_(2500–500_BC)" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Bronze Age</a> activity on the site. Most of this stems from the existence of a <a href="Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">grooved ware</a> timber circle located near the entrance to the eastern passage. Archeological evidence suggests that this was used as a ritual or sacred area after the great mound at Knowth had already fallen into disuse. Evidence for ritual consists of a large number of <a href="Votive_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive deposit">votive offerings</a> found in and around the immediate areas of the timbers that formed the circle.

4r[2

The hill at Knowth fell into disrepair, and the mound or cairn slipped, causing the entrances to both passages to be covered. The site remained practically unused for a period of two thousand years. The site was briefly used as a burial site; some 35 <a href="Cist" title="Cist">cist</a> graves were found on the site during excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the late <a href="Prehistoric_Ireland#Iron_Age_(500_BC–AD_400)" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Iron Age</a> and early Christian period, it became a <a href="Hill_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill fort">hill fort</a> with encircling ditches and <a href="Souterrain" title="Souterrain">souterrains</a> added. Knowth became a habitational site for the first time. Two ditches were dug, one at the base of the mound behind the kerbstones, and the other at the top. At this stage, the entrances to both passages seem to have been discovered. Evidence includes early Christian graffiti on the stones in the eastern chamber, and four names were carved in <a href="Ogham" title="Ogham">ogham</a>. It seems it was at this stage that the basin stone from the western chamber was moved in an attempt to remove it and was abandoned in the passage because it got stuck. Knowth became a significant political site and the capital of the <a href="Kings_of_Brega" title="Kings of Brega">Kingdom of Northern Brega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Knowth was called <i>Cnogba</i> in <a href="Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a>, whose meaning is unclear. This later became <i>Cnoghbha</i>, and finally <i>Cnóbha</i> in modern Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-logainm_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logainm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the medieval <a href="Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads of Ireland</a>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Úam Chnogba</i></span> ('caves of Knowth'), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Úam Slángæ</i></span> (probably <a href="Rathcoran" title="Rathcoran">Rathcoran</a>) and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Dearc Fearna</i></span> (probably <a href="Dunmore_Cave" title="Dunmore Cave">Dunmore Cave</a>) are listed as "the three darkest places in Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-triads-CELT_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triads-CELT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coleman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coleman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-triads-scan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triads-scan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foot_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After a brief military interlude following the <a href="Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion of Ireland</a>, when the Normans used Knowth as a motte in the 12th century,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the site came into the possession of the <a href="Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian</a> monks of <a href="Mellifont_Abbey" title="Mellifont Abbey">Mellifont Abbey</a>. It seems that the mound was then again used as a grange or farm. Stone walls were built over the mound, and stone buildings within the walls. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the site was used mainly for agriculture until most of the site was taken over by the state in 1939.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_investigation_and_restoration">Archaeological investigation and restoration</h2></div>

<p>A brief excavation of the site was carried out in 1941 by Macallister. However, the first thorough archaeological investigation and excavations of Knowth began in 1962 and were led by <a href="George_Eogan" title="George Eogan">George Eogan</a> of <a href="University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>. When his excavations began, very little was known about the full extent of the site. The entrances to the western and eastern passages were discovered in 1967 and 1968 respectively, and, slowly, the layers of activity at the site of Knowth were uncovered.<sup id="cite_ref-knowth_excavations_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knowth_excavations-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavation has produced numerous books and reports on the findings. Following the excavation, <a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">conservation, restoration and reconstruction</a> works took place.

</p><p>A layer of white quartz stones was found at the entrances to the great mound. The same was found at the entrance to Newgrange, and the archaeologists there concluded that it had made up a white <a href="Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> or <a href="Revetment" title="Revetment">revetment</a> on the front of the monument that had fallen. This white quartz front was reconstructed at Newgrange.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, George Eogan did not believe Neolithic people could have built such a revetment without it collapsing. He suggested that most or all of the white quartz had been spread on the ground, and so it was left on the ground at Knowth. While some archaeologists have supported this decision, other archaeologists argue that both Knowth and Newgrange had white quartz façades, such as Robert Hensey and Elizabeth Shee Twohig in their paper "Facing the cairn at Newgrange" (2017).<sup id="cite_ref-Hensey_Twohig_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hensey_Twohig-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They note that the quartz layers at both sites were thickest nearest the kerbstones, suggesting it had slid down the mound rather than being laid flat. They also contend that if the builders quarried and brought the quartz a long distance, they likely would have used it to "maximum effect" as a striking façade, rather than laying it on the ground where it could not be seen as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Hensey_Twohig_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hensey_Twohig-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with archaeologist Carleton Jones,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hensey and Twohig note that passage tombs in <a href="Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> have similar near-vertical <a href="Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">dry stone</a> fronts, such as <a href="Gavrinis" title="Gavrinis">Gavrinis</a> and <a href="Barnenez" title="Barnenez">Barnenez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hensey_Twohig_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hensey_Twohig-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access">Access</h2></div>

<p>The site is 9 km west of <a href="Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a>. Access is by guided tour only. Tours begin at the <a href="Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne_Visitor_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre">Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre</a> in Donore. Visitors can look down the eastern passage and visit the nearby modern interpretive room.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Overhead view</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Knowth tombs</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Inside the passageway</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Knowth tombs</div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logainm.ie/en/1165809">"Cnóbha/Knowth"</a>. <i><a href="Placenames_Database_of_Ireland" title="Placenames Database of Ireland">Placenames Database of Ireland</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMeehan2004" class="citation book cs1">Meehan, Cary (2004). <i>Sacred Ireland</i>. Somerset: Gothic Image Publications. p. 262. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0 906362 43 1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Harbison-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harbison_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarbison1970" class="citation book cs1">Harbison, Peter. (1970). <i>Guide to the National Monuments of Ireland</i>. <a href="Gill_%26_Macmillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill & Macmillan">Gill & Macmillan</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Breffny1983" class="citation book cs1">De Breffny, Brian (1983). <i>Ireland: A Cultural Encyclopedia</i>. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 128.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Breffny, pg. 128.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Stooke-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stooke_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStooke1994" class="citation journal cs1">Stooke, Philip J. (1 February 1994). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002182869402500103">"Neolithic Lunar Maps at Knowth and Baltinglass, Ireland"</a></span>. <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>. <b>25</b>: <span class="nowrap">39–</span>55. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182869402500103">10.1177/002182869402500103</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120584696">120584696</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brennan, Martin (1984), <i>The Stars and the Stones: Ancient Art and Astronomy in Ireland</i> Thames & Hudson was later re-published as <i>The Stones of Time: Calendars, Sundials and Stone Chambers of Ancient Ireland</i> Inner Traditions, 1994 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8928-1509-8</bdi>; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-89281-509-4</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Brien, Elizabeth. "Post-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England". <i>British Archaeological Reports</i>, 1999. 27. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-8417-1118-8</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stout, Geraldine. "Newgrange and the Bend of the Boyne". Cork: Cork University Press, 2002. 76. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-8591-8341-0</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-triads-CELT-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-triads-CELT_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerLavellePurcellFärber2005" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Kuno; Lavelle, Hilary; Purcell, Emer; et al., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G103006/"><i>The Triads of Ireland</i></a>. Todd Lecture Series. Vol. 13 (1st ed.). Dublin: Hodges, Figgis & Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-coleman-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coleman_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFColeman1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="J._C._Coleman" title="J. C. Coleman">Coleman, J. C.</a> (1965). <i>The Caves of Ireland</i>. Tralee, Co. Kerry: Anvil Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>16.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-triads-scan-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-triads-scan_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1906" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Kuno, ed. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triadsofireland00meyeuoft"><i>The Triads of Ireland</i></a>. Todd Lecture Series. Vol. 13 (1st ed.). Dublin: Hodges, Figgis & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triadsofireland00meyeuoft/page/n25">4</a>–5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-foot-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foot_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFoot1878" class="citation journal cs1">Foot, Arthur Wynne (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journalofroyalso11royauoft#page/65">"An account of a visit to the cave of Dunmore, Co. Kilkenny, with some remarks on human remains found therein"</a>. <i><a href="Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland">Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland</a></i>. 4. <b>I</b>. Dublin: <span class="nowrap">65–</span>94<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meehan, pg. 264.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-knowth_excavations-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-knowth_excavations_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMay2003" class="citation journal cs1">May, Jeffrey (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knowth.com/current-archaeology.htm">"Knowth Excavations"</a>. <i>Current Archaeology</i>. <b>188</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Kelly, Michael J., and Claire O'Kelly. <i>Newgrange: Archaeology, Art, and Legend</i>. Thames and Hudson, 1982. p.72.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hensey_Twohig-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hensey_Twohig_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hensey_Twohig_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hensey_Twohig_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hensey, Robert, and Elizabeth Shee Twohig. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26564121">Facing the Cairn at Newgrange, Co. Meath</a>". <i>The Journal of Irish Archaeology</i>, vol. 26, 2017, pp. 57–76.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Carleton. <i>Temples of Stone: Exploring the Megalithic Tombs of Ireland</i>. Collins, 2007. p.196.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Francis_John_Byrne" title="Francis John Byrne">Byrne, Francis John</a>, <i>Irish Kings and High-Kings</i>. Batsford, London, 1973. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7134-5882-8</bdi>.</li>

<li><a href="Ailbhe_Mac_Shamhr%C3%A1in" title="Ailbhe Mac Shamhráin">Mac Shamhráin, Ailbhe</a>, "Church and dynasty in Early Christian Brega: Lusk, Inis Pátraic and the cast of Máel-Finnia, king and saint", Table 8.1, Lineages of Síl nÁedo Sláine, p. 127; in <i>The Island of St Patrick: Church and ruling dynasties in Fingal and Meath, 400–1148</i>, (ed.) Mac Shamhráin, Four Courts, 2004.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Knowth" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Knowth">Knowth</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.dri.ie/catalog/8910z856b">Excavations at Knowth</a> Digital Repository of Ireland; online edition of 6-volume <a href="Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Royal Irish Academy">Royal Irish Academy</a> record</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldheritageireland.ie/bru-na-boinne/built-heritage/knowth/">Brú na Bóinne > Built heritage > Knowth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715195428/http://www.worldheritageireland.ie/bru-na-boinne/built-heritage/knowth">Archived</a> 15 July 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> worldheritageireland.ie</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowth.com/">Knowth.com</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012040152/http://www.meath.ie/Tourism/Heritage/Newgrange/">Meath Tourism Information</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithicireland.com/Knowth.htm">MegalithicIreland.com</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miotas.org/article.cfm?id=Newgrange">Brú na Bóinne in myth and folklore</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630123508/http://www.miotas.org/article.cfm?id=Newgrange">Archived</a> 30 June 2018 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ireland98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne" title="Brú na Bóinne">Brú na Bóinne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dowth" title="Dowth">Dowth</a></li>

<li><a href="Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a></li>

<li><a href="Monknewton" class="mw-redirect" title="Monknewton">Monknewton</a></li>

<li><a href="Newgrange_cursus" title="Newgrange cursus">Newgrange cursus</a></li>

<li><a href="Townleyhall_passage_grave" title="Townleyhall passage grave">Townleyhall passage grave</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Skellig_Michael" title="Skellig Michael">Skellig Michael</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tentative list</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Burren" title="The Burren">The Burren</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Dublin" title="Georgian Dublin">The Historic City of Dublin</a></li>

<li><a href="C%C3%A9ide_Fields" title="Céide Fields">The Céide Fields and North West Mayo Boglands</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%BAn_Aonghasa" title="Dún Aonghasa">Western Stone Forts</a></li>

<li><a href="Clonmacnoise" title="Clonmacnoise">The Monastic City of Clonmacnoise and its Cultural Landscape</a></li>

<li>Early Medieval Monastic Sites (<a href="Clonmacnoise" title="Clonmacnoise">Clonmacnoise</a>, <a href="Durrow%2C_County_Offaly" title="Durrow, County Offaly">Durrow</a>, <a href="Glendalough" title="Glendalough">Glendalough</a>, <a href="Inis_Cealtra" title="Inis Cealtra">Inis Cealtra</a>, <a href="Abbey_of_Kells" title="Abbey of Kells">Kells</a>, and <a href="Monasterboice" title="Monasterboice">Monasterboice</a>)</li>

<li>The Royal Sites of Ireland: (<a href="Rock_of_Cashel" title="Rock of Cashel">Cashel</a>, <a href="D%C3%BAn_Ailinne" title="Dún Ailinne">Dún Ailinne</a>, the <a href="Hill_of_Uisneach" title="Hill of Uisneach">Hill of Uisneach</a>, the <a href="Rathcroghan" title="Rathcroghan">Rathcroghan Complex</a>, and the <a href="Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Tara Complex</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1482124#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata728" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1482124#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata728" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/243097718">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4265103-7">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/148277399">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/4012e88c-0353-4362-ac00-f4271e37fdb5">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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